Wind Load as per ASCE 7-16 for the Warehouse with Monoslope Roof

March 31, 2022
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Wind Load as per ASCE 7-16

 

Information of Example Model

This is an explanation how to input wind load data in the warehouse with monoslope roof.

Information of the example model is given as follows.

Warehouse Example Model

Figure1. Warehouse Example Model

 
 Warehouse Roof Example Model
 Figure 2. Warehouse Roof Example Model
 
 
Wind Load Data Informations
Table 1. Wind Load Data Informations
 
 
 
 
 
√ Table of Contents 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Calculation of Wind Load - Velocity Pressure


The velocity pressure should be calculated in order to get the value of the wind load.

  • Velocity Pressure : qz = 0.613KzKztKdKeV2
 
1) Determination of Ke (Ground Elevation Factor)

It usually applies ' 1.0 ' on the Ground Elevation Factor, Ke, if there is no exceptional case caused.

 
Ground Elevation FactorFigure 3. Ground Elevation Factor
 

 

2) Determination of Kd (Wind Directionality Factor)

It applies ' 0.85 ' since the wind directionality factor is based on the structure.

 
Wind Directionality FactorFigure 4. Wind Directionality Factor
 
 

3) Determination of Kz (Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient)

 
Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients
Figure 5. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients

 

 

4) Determination of Kzt (Topographic Effects)

  • Kzt = (1+K1K2K3)2

  • Assumed ValuesHill Type : 2S Escarpment

    H = 20m, Lh = 40m, x = 40m  →  H/Lh = 20/40 = 0.5, x/Lh = 40/40 = 1.0

 
Determination of Topographic EffectsFigure 6. Determination of Topographic Effects
 
 
 

5) Determination of qz and qh

The following is a table that indicates the final value of the velocity pressure after calculating values for all variables. To calculate wind pressure, qh value for the roof level is applied.

Applying the pressure value depending on levels is more exact, but, it is okay to put the load value by using only the value of qh instead.

  • Velocity Pressure : qz = 0.613KzKztKdKeV≈ 490N/㎡ =qh

 Velocity Pressure Value
Table 2. Velocity Pressure Value
 
 

 

 

Calculation of Wind Load - External Wind Pressure


p = qGCP - qi(GCpi)

Case 1) Wind Pressure = External Wind Pressure - Internal Wind Pressure (Positive)

Case 2) Wind Pressure = External Wind Pressure - Internal Wind Pressure (Negative)

Two coefficient values for external pressure and internal pressure are needed in order to satisfy the formula. Basically, wind pressure has two values depending on the direction of internal pressure. If internal pressure is larger than the external pressure, positive internal pressure is generated. In the opposite case, negative internal pressure is generated. 

 
Positive Internal Wind Pressure and Negative Internal Wind PressureFigure 7. Positive Internal Wind Pressure and Negative Internal Wind Pressure
 

 

1) External Wind Pressure for Gable Roof Direction

Wind ward wall, leeward wall, and side wall are needed to satisfy the calculation of external wind pressure.

The following is an explanation of the calculation for the x-direction and wall.

 

• Gust Factor (G) = 0.85 (Assumed Value)

   * You can get the gust factor as per 26. 11. 4

External Wind Pressure in X-DirectionFigure 8. External Wind Pressure in X-Direction

 

 

 

• Wall Pressure Coefficients (Cp)

 
Wall Pressure Coefficients - 1Figure 9. Wall Pressure Coefficients - 1

 

                                             * L/B =14.2 / 36.9 = 0.385

 

 

 
Wall Pressure Coefficients - 2
Figure 10. Wall Pressure Coefficients - 2
 
                           * Bx = 36.9m, Ly = 14.2m → L/B = 0.385

Red Box : Wind load for windward wall (Wx(+ or -)_Windward)

                    q_wind = qzGCP = 490 * 0.85 * 0.8 = 333.2 N/m2

 

Blue Box : Wind load for Leeward wall (Wx(+ or -)_Leeward)

                     q_lee = qhGCP = 490 * 0.85 * - 0.5 = -208.3 N/m2

 

Yellow Box : Wind load for Side wall (Wx(+ or -)_Side)

                         q_side = qhGCP = 490 * 0.85 * - 0.7 = -291.6 N/m2

 

 

The following is an example of the calculation for the roof in X-Direction.

 

• Gust Factor (G) = 0.85 (Assumed Value)

   * You can get the gust factor as per 26. 11. 4

 
External Wind Pressure for the Roof in X-DirectionFigure 11. External Wind Pressure for the Roof in X-Direction
 

 

• Roof Pressure Coefficients, Cp, for use  with qh

 
Roof Pressure Coeffocoents - 1
Figure 12. Roof Pressure Coeffocoents - 1
 
 
Roof Pressure Coeffocoents - 2
Figure 13. Roof Pressure Coeffocoents - 2
 
* h = 8.5m, Ly = 14.2m → h/L = 0.600

 

Red Box : Wind load for windward roof (Wx(+ or -)_Windward)

                   q_wind = qzGCP = 490 * 0.85 * -0.763 = -324.273 N/m2

                   q_wind = qzGCP = 490 * 0.85 * -0.152 = -64.6 N/m2

 

 

 

2) External Wind Pressure for Gable Roof Orthogonal Direction

The following is an explanation of the calculation for the y-direction. The wall pressure for the y-direction can be calculated as the x-direction way. 

 

• Gust Factor (G) = 0.85 (Assumed Value)

   * You can get the gust factor as per 26. 11. 4

External Wind Pressure in Y-Direction
Figure 14. External Wind Pressure in Y-Direction

 

 

• Wall Pressure Coefficients (Cp)

Wall Pressure Coefficients - 1Figure 15. Wall Pressure Coefficients - 1
 
 
 
Wall Pressure Coefficients - 2Figure 16. Wall Pressure Coefficients - 2
                 
* By = 12m, Lx = 22.8m → L/B = 2.599
 

Red Box : Wind load for windward wall

                    q_wind = qzGCP = 490.1 * 0.85 * 0.8 = 340 N/m2

 

Blue Box : Wind load for Leeward wall

                    q_lee = qhGCP = 490.1 * 0.85 * -0.257 = -107.1 N/m2

 

Yellow Box : Wind load for Side wall

                     q_side = qhGCP = 490.1 * 0.85 * -0.7 = -297.5 N/m2

 

 

The following is an example of the calculation for the roof in Y-Direction. For the roof in slope and orthogonal direction, it should be considered as "0".

 

• Gust Factor (G) = 0.85 (Assumed Value)

   * You can get the gust factor as per 26. 11. 4

 
External Wind Load in Y-Direction and AngleFigure 17. External Wind Load in Y-Direction and Angle

 

* h = 8.5m, Lx = 36.9m → h/L = 0.230

 

Red Box : Wind load for windward roof (Wx(+ or -)_Windward)

                  q_wind = qzGCP = 490 * 0.85 * -0.9 = -374.9 N/m2

                 q_wind = qzGCP = 490 * 0.85 * -0.18 = -75.0 N/m2

 
 

• Roof Pressure Coefficients, Cp, for use with qh

 
Roof Pressure Coefficients

Figure 18. Roof Pressure Coefficients

 

 

 

Calculation of Wind Load - Internal Wind Pressure


 

1) Internal Wind Pressure for Gable Roof Orthogonal Direction

 
Internal Wind Pressure for Gable Roof Orthogonal DirectionFigure 19. Internal Wind Pressure for Gable Roof Orthogonal Direction

Partially enclosed buildings in enclosure classification would be applied in this example. Therefore, the value of the internal pressure coefficient can be assumed as +0.55 and -0.55.

Table for Internal Pressure CoefficientFigure 20. Table for Internal Pressure Coefficient
 

 

2) Wind Pressure on Wall for Gable Roof Direction (along x-direction)

Wind pressure in the x-direction is given as follows. The values of each case in the wind pressure are calculated by applying the values of the external pressure and internal pressure.

 
Wall Wind Pressure Values along X-DirectionTable 3. Wall Wind Pressure Values along X-Direction

 

 

3) Wind Pressure on Roof for Gable Roof Direction (along x-direction)

Roof Wind Pressure Values along X-DirectionTable 4. Roof Wind Pressure Values along X-Direction
 

 

 

4) Wind Pressure on Wall for Gable Roof Orthogonal Direction (along y-direction)

 
Wall Wind Pressure Values along Y-DirectionTable 5. Wall Wind Pressure Values along Y-Direction

 

 

 

5) Wind Pressure on Roof for Gable Roof Orthogonal Direction (along y-direction)

 
Roof Wind Pressure Values along Y-DirectionTable 6.  Roof Wind Pressure Values along Y-Direction

 

 

 

Wind Pressure Summary


The final values for cases 1 & 2 are as follows.

Values for Cases 1 and 2Table 7. Values for Cases 1 and 2
 
Direction Sign of the Building
Figure 21. Direction Sign of the Building

• Sign (+) : Direction to the inside of the building

• Sign (-) : Direction to the outside of the building

 

 

 

Input a Wind Load


 

1) Create Load Cases for the Wind Load

 
Static Load Cases Dialog BoxFigure 22. Static Load Cases Dialog Box

* Tips : you can easily distinguish each case if you put the name above.

Considered Factors

- Case : Case 1 & Case 2

- Wind Direction : X-Direction & Y- Direction

- Wind Sign : (+) & (-)

 

2) Create a Floor Load Cases for Wind Load

 
Information of Floor Load Cases for Wind LoadFigure 23. Information of Floor Load Cases for Wind Load
 

 

 

3) Input Wind Load as a Floor Load

 
Floor Load Type Dialog Box for Case 1Figure 24. Floor Load Type Dialog Box for Case 1
 
Case 1 Values of Wall and RoofTable 8. Case 1 Values of Wall and Roof
 

• Sign (+) : Direction to the inside of the building

• Sign (-) : Direction to the outside of the building

When inputting the wind load into the model,  the sign must be corrected according to the direction of the load.

It also creates a floor load type for the opposite direction.

 
Case 1 Name List Dialog Box
Figure 25. Case 1 Name List Dialog Box
 
Floor Load Type Dialog Box for Case 2Figure 26. Floor Load Type Dialog Box for Case 2
 
Case 2 Values for Wall and Roof

Table 9. Case 2 Values for Wall and Roof

• Sign (+) : Direction to the inside of the building

• Sign (-) : Direction to the outside of the building

When inputting the wind load into the model,  the sign must be corrected according to the direction of the load.

It also creates a floor load type for the opposite direction.

 
Case 2 Name List Dialog BoxFigure 27. Case 2 Name List Dialog Box

 

 

4) Generate Load Combinations with a Wind Load

Before performing analysis and design, we recommend you make load combinations with a wind load. Even if it is not automatically generated, you can easily create it by using a table for the load combination or copying it from excel.

 
Load Combination Example - 1 Figure 28. Load Combination Example - 1 
 
Load Combination Example - 2Figure 29. Load Combination Example - 2
 

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Yeong-il Seo
Yeong-il Seo | Principal Structural Engineer

Young-il has over 13+ years of experience in building design, especially high-rise buildings with column reduction analysis, plant structures, pushover analysis, health monitoring, and vibration control projects. Since 2016, he is planning and providing technical supports for midas building products such as midas Gen, nGen, and Design+.

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